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Smoking can lead to reduced blood flow, cellular damage, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, all of which can harm the auditory system

Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review)

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Smoking also is a known risk factor for 17 types of cancers, and research has shown that it negatively affects treatment and prognosis (Burke, Miller, Saad, & Abraham, 2009
